Publications

Seawater for water flooding has been in use for many years. It is obviously the fluid of choice in coastal or offshore locations. Seawater differs from surface waters in the concentration of dissolved salts and trace metals. Table 1 shows a typical seawater analysis. The total dissolved solids (salinity) is high (38,000 ppm) compared to most surface waters which usually have salinities ranging from 500 -1000 ppm. This paper addresses the analysis and treatment requirements for seawater for water injection as well as provide operating conditions for some seawater treatment plants around the world particularly with respect to scale control.