Publications

Changes in concepts for designing and constructing cities, methods of transportation, and industry itself are necessary as countries become more industrialized. Industrialization in turn results in increased demand for energy and the chemical building materials required to produce plastics and similar sophisticated chemical products. Low temperature and cryogenic storage facilities for such materials as ammonia, propylene, ethylene, and LNG fulfill this need. Thirty years ago, insulated and refrigerated storage containers of 380 cubic meters up to the current 100,000 cubic meters capacities were unheard of, although they might have been under consideration by engineers with foresight. Within the last twenty years, such facilities for products like liquid nitrogen, oxygen, natural gas, propane, and ammonia have become relatively commonplace. In the South Pacific area there are several examples of projects of this nature being considered or constructed. Examples are the two 60,000 cubic meter LNG storage tanks at Brunei, Borneo which will store product at -162°C, the storage Korea Oil Corporation has built at Wulsan, Korea for 8000 cubic meters of ethylene at -103OC and 5250 cubic meters of propylene at -48°C, and, the storage of 5000 metric tons of ammonia at -33°C under consideration by Pusri for installation at Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia.